11 | 12 | The PAAMs include complete radio front end functionality (e.g., PAs, LNAs, mixers, and orthogonal phase and amplitude control per element). Each IC includes 32 TRx phase shifting front end elements and features concurrent independent beams in two polarizations in either Tx or Rx operation. Each PAAM includes 4 such ICs and 64 dual-polarized antennas that provide eight 16-element or two 64-element concurrent beams with complex modulation formats (e.g., 256QAM). We adopt two design configurations for integration with a subset of COSMOS’ radio nodes: |